Yahoo Case Study Free Essays

Report review on Yahoo Case study Yahoo was conceptualized unintentionally in 1993 by Jerry Yang and David Filo †who were seeking after their electrical science qualification from Stanford University †while posting a rundown of their preferred destinations on the web, got authoritatively established in 1994 and fused in the year 1995. At first named â€Å"Jerry’s manual for overall web†, got later named Yahoo which was an abbreviation for â€Å"Yet another Hierarchal Officious Oracle†. The term â€Å"Hierarchal† portrayed how the Yahoo database was orchestrated, the term â€Å"officious† depicting the numerous office laborers who might utilize Yahoo from their work place and â€Å"oracle† recommending a â€Å"source of wisdom†. We will compose a custom paper test on Hurray Case Study or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Today Yahoo! Inc. is a global web company most popular for its online interface, web index (Yahoo! Search, #2 in web search tool piece of the pie with 6. 8% piece of the overall industry) and for an assortment of different administrations, including Yahoo! Index, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, Yahoo! Account, Yahoo! Gatherings, Yahoo! Answers, publicizing, internet mapping, video sharing, dream sports and its online life site. With income figures of $4. 9B for FY’2011, and a market capitalization of $23. 8B, Yahoo’s example of overcoming adversity contains numerous hits and more misses. After the unobtrusive web index began to draw in huge inundation of guests every day, Yang and Filo chose to make business of it by leasing promoting space on the Yahoo Directory pages. Capital Investment rolled in from Sequoia Capital, who proposed to enlist an expert CEO to drive the business forward. After a cautious assessment of about six applicants, Michael Moritz of Sequoia Capital picked Timothy Koogle, who brought 15 years of authority involvement with innovative administration. Timothy needed to utilize incredible impact and influence aptitudes to welcome everyone on board on his vision for the organization, one that would make a world associated by means of the web. His vision included utilizing the company’s existing quality of the web index by giving increasingly convincing substance and driving higher publicizing income. Simultaneously, make an online stage where purchasers could meet dealers, executing securely over the web and charging a cut of the income for these administrations gave. They additionally included customization highlights for their enlisted clients on their Yahoo financials page so explicit organizations of intrigue could be trailed by the clients. En route, they likewise helped promoters connect with their applicable crowd better and along these lines expanding the worth conveyed to them. The procedure was turning out to be very well for Yahoo. Yippee developed quickly all through the 1990s. It additionally made some prominent acquisitions. While everything was going incredible for Yahoo, they neglected to assess their procedure at that point. The earth they were flourishing with was that of the website bubble and most organizations that were wellsprings of promoting income for Yahoo were the website organizations. At the point when the website bubble burst, the vast majority of these organizations failed drying out wellsprings of publicizing income for Yahoo. Its stock cost soar during the website bubble, Yahoo stocks shutting at an unequaled high of $118. 5 an offer on January 3, 2000. Be that as it may, after the website bubble burst, it arrived at a post-bubble low of $4. 05 on September 26, 2001. While the corporate level vision and technique were forward looking, the business level system required convenient survey, the absence of which achieved the descending winding of Yahoo in a limited capacity to focus. Attributable to a gigantic negative effect on the shareho lders’ esteem, Tim Koogle surrendered giving the beneficiaries to Terry Semel, a previous Warner Brothers official. Semel’s objective was to capture the fall in Yahoo’s incomes by enhancing from the heretofore publicizing driven income model to membership based, esteem included administrations and expanding the quality in promoting income by focusing on progressively stable organizations. This system was seen as yet a late response to the changing business sector scene, something that speculators anticipated that the authority should predict. Terry Semel additionally had a lot of low minutes as CEO of Yahoo during the analysis he drew for helping out the Chinese authorities to discharge beforehand private Yahoo data to the Chinese government. He additionally lost an opportunity to purchase out Google during its beginning years, whose internet searcher administrations it utilized till Yahoo built up its own web crawler innovations. Throughout the years, Yahoo additionally neglected to get the market patterns of social, portable, nearby, stage administrations and so on at the correct occasions, which has brought about lessening piece of the overall industry figures in every one of the spaces. While Yahoo income has plunged for the year 2011, the company’s financials look solid with low obligation and great income. Company’s new supervisory group is wagering enthusiastic about portable and associated TV organizations. Versatile applications, where the organization is lingering behind contenders like Google and Facebook, is a business line it must create a pivot execution on since the business sectors a slanting toward that path. Marissa Mayer, previous Google official, who is presently in charge of the $5B organization, would want to carry her effective involvement with Google to Yahoo to convey the products on the Mobile stages business. Conversation Questions: . How much was the advancement of methodology at Yahoo arranged? How much was it an emanant reaction to unexpected occasions? Yahoo’s beginning system during Koogle’s time of foraying into publicizing and online entrance for encouraging web based business and shopping were an arranged methodology and were adept for the organization with its inborn qualities. be that as it may, the portfolio broadening embraced by Se mel was an endeavor to bring down the hazard introduction as a reaction to the changed business condition. 2. Could Yahoo have made a superior showing of foreseeing the log jam in publicizing income that happened in 2000 †2001 and situating itself for that log jam? How? What may it have done any other way from a vital arranging point of view? So as to accomplish a supported upper hand, a firm should adjust to the adjustment in the market patterns. As a methodology assessment process, yippee could have predicted the website bubble burst as the air pocket arrangement was a procedure that had started around ’98. Investigators featured the hazard in staying contributed with the website organizations. There was surplus pay accessible with retail financial specialists during that period, which is reminiscent of a pattern of more appeal of typical products/administrations over sub-par merchandise/administrations. Yippee could have seen this pattern and situated itself for a specialty item/administration offering. 3. Does Yahoo have a wellspring of potential long haul upper hand? Where does this originate from? Hurray has a decent income †a low obligation and furthermore a plan of action set up for purchasers to meet dealers. Web based life has assumed a key job in entering the market †making consciousness of utilizing the online medium. Yippee has the framework set up to underwrite this quality so as to ideally use the purchaser meet dealer stage †grow it from retail nearness to corporate connections, incorporate a model that addresses online classes for different ventures eg pharma meet can be altogether directed online †making a noteworthy cost advantage for the members and furthermore adding to its income by minor speculations that wont influence its asset report either. 4. What does Koogle’s acquiescence in May 2001 enlighten you concerning the job of a CEO in an open organization? CEO’s job in an open organization has advanced throughout the years, yet fundamentally, remains that of an overseer of the shareholders’ esteem. Koogle had an excellent vision and methodology for the organization, which transpired into progress at first. While the plan of the methodology may have been progressed admirably, the execution at the business level and assessment of the procedure could have been something more. Indeed, even towards the finish of Terry Semel’s residency in 2006, his compensation was decreased to just $1 (with $70M worth of investment opportunities ofcourse) due to shareholders’ disappointment. Step by step instructions to refer to Yahoo Case Study, Free Case study tests

Perspectives on the Management of Infor Mation Technology

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures

Centrosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Centrosaurus (Greek for pointed reptile); articulated SEN-tro-SORE-us Living space: Forests of western North America Recorded Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years back) Size and Weight: Around 20 feet in length and three tons Diet: Plants Recognizing Characteristics: Single, long horn on end of nose; moderate size; huge ruffle over head About Centrosaurus It was likely too imbecilic to even think about noticing the distinction, however Centrosaurus was unquestionably deficient with regards to when it came to guarded weapon: this ceratopsian had just a solitary long horn on the finish of its nose, contrasted with three for Triceratops (one on its nose and two over its eyes) and five (pretty much, contingent upon how youre meaning) Pentaceratops. Like others of its variety, Centrosaurus horn and huge ruffle presumably filled double needs: the ornament as a sexual showcase and (perhaps) an approach to scatter heat, and the horn to head-butt different Centrosaurus grown-ups during mating season and threaten hungry raptors and tyrannosaurs. Centrosaurus is known by truly a great many fossil remains, making it one of the universes best-bore witness to ceratopsians. The primary, disengaged remains were found by Lawrence Lambe in Canadas Alberta area; later, close by, specialists found two immense Centrosaurus bonebeds, containing a huge number of people of all development stages (infants, adolescents, and grown-ups) and reaching out for several feet. The most probable clarification is that these crowds of moving Centrosaurus were suffocated by streak floods, not an abnormal destiny for dinosaurs during the late Cretaceous time frame, or that they essentially died of thirst while assembled around a dry water gap. (A portion of these Centrosaurus bonebeds are interweaved with Styracosaurus fossils, a potential insight this much more elaborately embellished ceratopsian was dislodging Centrosaurus 75 million years prior.) As of late, scientistss declared a couple of new North American ceratopsians that appear to have been firmly identified with Centrosaurus, Diabloceratops and Medusaceratopsboth of which donned their own special horn/lace blends suggestive of their increasingly popular cousin (henceforth their grouping as centrosaurine as opposed to chasmosaurine ceratopsians, yet ones with very Triceratops-like attributes too). Given the abundance of ceratopsians found in North America in the course of the most recent couple of years, the facts may confirm that the developmental connections of Centrosaurus and its about undefined cousins presently can't seem to be completely sifted through.

Building Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Building Regulations - Essay Example Gilbertâ Scott,â thatâ hadâ beenâ closedâ inâ 1982.â â Theâ formerâ powerâ stationâ offeredâ allâ theâ spaceâ thatâ wasâ neededâ forâ theâ newâ gallery.  â â â â â â â â Anâ internationalâ architecturalâ competitionâ wasâ heldâ whichâ attractedâ entriesâ fromâ allâ overâ theâ world.â However,â Herzogâ andâ Deâ Meuronâ aâ smallâ Swissâ firmâ wonâ theâ honorâ ofâ buildingâ theâ Tateâ Modern.â Theâ mainâ reasonâ theyâ wonâ wasâ thatâ theirâ proposalâ wantedâ toâ retainâ muchâ ofâ the  essentialâ characterâ ofâ theâ building.â Theâ powerâ stationâ consistedâ ofâ aâ hugeâ turbineâ hall,â thirty-fiveâ metresâ highâ andâ 152â metresâ long,â parallelâ toâ itâ isâ theâ boilerâ house.â Theâ turbineâ hallâ hasâ becomeâ aâ dramaticâ entranceâ areaâ withâ rampedâ access,â plusâ â exhibitâ forâ largeâ sculpturalâ ventures.  â â â â â â â â Theâ boilerâ houseâ became  theâ galleries,â andâ areâ onâ threeâ levelsâ runningâ theâ fullâ lengthâ ofâ theâ building.â Theâ galleriesâ areâ inâ separateâ butâ linkedâ squares  called  suites,â andâ onâ eitherâ sideâ ofâ theâ escalators.â Theâ Tateâ collectionâ ofâ modernâ artâ isâ displayedâ onâ twoâ ofâ theâ galleryâ floors,â theâ thirdâ isâ devotedâ toâ temporaryâ exhibitions.â Toâ theâ originalâ rooflineâ ofâ theâ powerâ stationâ Herzogâ andâ Deâ Meuronâ addedâ aâ two-storeyâ gallsâ penthouseâ calledâ aâ light beam.â Theâ topâ levelâ ofâ thisâ housesâ aâ cafï ¿ ½-restaurantâ withâ stunningâ viewsâ ofâ theâ riverâ andâ theâ City.â Theâ lowerâ levelsâ areâ membersâ roomâ withâ terracesâ onâ bothâ sidesâ ofâ theâ building.â Theâ chimneyâ isâ cappedâ byâ aâ coloredâ light,â knownâ asâ theâ swissâ light,â featureâ designedâ byâ theâ artistâ Michaelâ Craig-Martin.â Theâ penthouseâ light beamâ andâ

eBay Strategic Marketing

Presentation eBay is one of the best organizations in the online retail industry. The organization gives a stage that empowers people and organizations to sell and buy efficiently.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on eBay Strategic Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization owes its prosperity to great promoting techniques that have empowered it to distinguish and to fulfill the requirements of online purchasers and dealers. This paper will give a point by point investigation of eBay’s contextual analysis. It will start with a SWOT examination of the organization. This will be trailed by investigation of the company’s achievement and expense structure. In view of these examinations, suggestions will be made to empower the organization to extend its activities. SWOT Analysis Strengths First, eBay has distinctive estimating alternatives that suit the necessities of every purchaser and vender. The purchaser s can pick among arranging and following through on the costs offered by the venders. The evaluating framework improves consumer loyalty by empowering purchasers to get the best arrangement, while merchants profit by high net revenues. Second, eBay has an immense client base. This will empower it to build its benefits in future. Third, the organization has set up measures to guarantee trust among purchasers and dealers. The subsequent improvement in customers’ certainty empowers the organization to pull in and hold new customers. At long last, the organization has put resources into related organizations, for example, PayPal and Skype. These organizations produce more income for the organization and empower clients to utilize its administrations without any problem. Shortcomings First, the organization relies upon exchange charges as its fundamental wellspring of income. This opens it to the danger of making misfortunes if rivalry results into a decrease in exchange fees.Adve rtising Looking for contextual investigation on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, eBay has no influence over the items on its site. In this way, it can't utilize its showcasing activities to build deals on its site so as to improve its income. Openings Rapid monetary development in developing markets, for example, China is a chance to the organization to grow its tasks. Furthermore, mechanical headways, for example, video conferencing, web based life, and expanded utilization of cell phones give development chances to eBay. The organization can utilize these advancements to arrive at more clients, in this manner expanding its piece of the pie. Dangers eBay faces the accompanying dangers in the business. In any case, the organization is confronting expanded rivalry from huge and all around financed organizations, for example, Google. eBay is probably going to lose its clients to its rivals on t he off chance that it can't improve its intensity. What's more, high rivalry is probably going to diminish incomes, which thus will decrease the company’s benefits. Declining monetary development is another significant danger that the organization is confronting. A downturn in significant markets, for example, the US and Europe will negatively affect the company’s income. eBay’s Success The components that clarify the achievement of eBay incorporate the accompanying. To begin with, the organization has a viable advertising procedure. eBay teams up with clients who prompt it on the business sectors to serve and how to improve its administrations. The collective way to deal with methodology definition empowers eBay to offer types of assistance that fulfill customers’ needs. The subsequent improvement in consumer loyalty and unwaveringness empowers the organization to shield its market share.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual analysis test on eB ay Strategic Marketing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Second, eBay has concentrated on improving its effectiveness so as to diminish exchange costs. For example, the obtaining of Skype empowers purchasers and dealers to impart for nothing out of pocket. In addition, PayPal gives moment and modest installment arrangements that can be utilized by purchasers and dealers in almost all pieces of the world. The decrease in exchange costs is an impetus to purchasers and venders to keep utilizing eBay’s administrations. Third, eBay has prevailing because of its extension system. The organization has concentrated on procuring set up and confided in online retailers, for example, Shopping.com and StubHub. Since customer trust is one of the primary determinants of accomplishment in the online retail industry, joining another market through securing is frequently simpler than propelling another organization that isn't known. Acquisitions empower eBay to enter the market effectively by getting moment access to a huge client base. Moreover, it causes the organization to keep away from high rivalry in abroad markets. At long last, eBay has succeeded due to its emphasis on putting resources into advancements that improve access to its administrations. For example, the organization has embraced cell phone applications that empower purchasers and dealers to get to its administrations through cell phones, for example, iPhone. Improved communications among purchasers and venders through cell phones increment the exchange volume on eBay’s website.Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More eBay’s Fee Structure eBay’s charge structure isn't ideal in light of the fact that the inclusion expense is higher than the last worth expense. This structure demoralizes the utilization of the company’s administrations since merchants pay more to list as opposed to sell their items. The high addition expense is a disincentive to venders with low deals volume since they probably won't have the option to recoup the expense of utilizing eBay’s administrations. In addition, the charge structure is costly to clients who sell items whose qualities are low. For example, an item worth $30 will cost $2.8 to sell, though selling an item worth $60 will cost $3.42. This implies a client who is selling the thing worth $30 will pay 9.33% of the estimation of their item. Then again, the client who is selling the item worth $60 will pay just 5.7% of the estimation of his item. In this way, the charge structure is probably going to make the feeling that eBay’s admi nistrations are costly, which thusly will decrease deals. The expense structure ought to be improved through the accompanying methodologies. In the first place, the posting expense ought to be diminished to urge more individuals to sell their items through the company’s site. The organization ought to make up for the decrease by expanding the last worth expense. This will encourage income amplification since the closeout cost is regularly higher than the posting cost. Second, the expenses for selling different items ought to appear as something else. Items with high turnover should profit by low charges so as to hold clients. Development Strategy eBay ought to consider the accompanying methodologies to extend its piece of the overall industry. To start with, the organization should concentrate on joining developing markets in Asia, South America, and the Middle East. These business sectors have an enormous number of independent companies that are probably going to utilize eBa y’s site to sell their items. What's more, high financial development has prompted expanded web based shopping in developing markets. Second, eBay ought to give web based promoting administrations to dealers. Publicizing will expand the quantity of items that will be sold through the company’s site, accordingly expanding its income. Promoting administrations will likewise be a wellspring of pay to the organization. Third, eBay ought to present new item classifications on its site. This will empower it to serve purchasers and venders who are as of now not utilizing its administrations. Fourth, the organization should concentrate on improving shopping experience on its site. Clients ought to have the option to look for items effectively and to contrast costs all together with get the best arrangement. What's more, eBay ought to give astounding client administrations to improve client dedication. For example, it ought to set up a grumblings the executives framework to shi eld purchasers from misrepresentation. The framework should empower purchasers to recover their cash if their merchandise are not conveyed. At long last, eBay should concentrate on vertical incorporation by securing or teaming up with transportation organizations to encourage exchange among merchants and purchasers. Without a doubt, numerous individuals don't make online buys in view of the troubles related with transportation. Presenting dispatching administrations will improve purchaser trust and lessen sellers’ exchange costs. Accordingly, the organization will have the option to serve more clients. End eBay has been fruitful due to its capacity to encourage viable associations among purchasers and dealers. The organization gives distinctive evaluating alternatives that fulfill the necessities of the two purchasers and venders. Furthermore, it has put resources into innovations that encourage installment and correspondence among purchasers and dealers requiring little to n o effort. Be that as it may, the organization ought to diminish its posting expense to urge more dealers to utilize its administrations. In addition, the organization ought to extend its piece of the pie by giving promoting and delivery administrations, just as, joining new markets. These procedures will empower the organization to conquer dangers, for example, high rivalry in its industry. Works Cited Kazmi, Singh. Promoting Management, London: Sage, 2007. Print. Pride, William. Promoting, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. Ranchhod, Ashok, and E. Marandi. Vital Marketing in Practice, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. Print. This contextual analysis on eBay Strategic Marketing was composed and presented by client Bianca O. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Essay Topics for Arguing College Students

Essay Topics for Arguing College StudentsCollege essays have to deal with argumentative college essay topics. There are not many students who can write well on any subject and not be challenged by a paper topic. A good essay is able to find its way to the proper place when it's well written and can do some great things in getting students into college. Writing a good argumentative college essay topic will help the students get into college.The best argumentative college essay topics for argumentative students are the ones that are well written. These topics are intended to match the style of college writing and help to distinguish between actual content and other texts that have little value. Just like a good argumentative essay, it's possible to find some good arguments for these topics by looking at their argumentative qualities.Essays that are based on reasoning often make good essay topics. They tend to be about the end results of reasoning and offer facts that have value. They w ill offer reasons as to why the conclusion was made. They will include why they believe the conclusion is correct and why it is not.Argumentative essay topics are generally based on logic. The topics are very easy to write and can even be done entirely through being clever. Logical concepts should not be lost in the initial planning of the topic.Good argumentative college essay topics also have to prove that the conclusions were supported by the proper reasoning. It should go over the pros and cons of the positions of both sides. It should explain why the conclusions of both sides are valid.Good argumentative college essay topics should have enough substance that students can easily understand it. If the contents of the essay are unclear and can't be understood by the readers, it will hurt the readers if the authors can't seem to show why they concluded something.Students who do not possess good reasoning skills or students who cannot prove their points will struggle in the essay wr iting process. Without a clear understanding of the logical side of the argument, the author of the essay will not be able to show the proper reasoning and proper conclusions.A good topic of argumentative college essay topics has to contain the whole idea of the author. This means it's important that the subject of the essay has to be well researched and well written.

2007-2011 Financial Crisis Essay - 1100 Words

2007-2011 Financial Crisis (Research Paper Sample) Content: 2007-2011 Financial CrisisNameCourseInstructorDateAbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the 2007-2011 financial crisis by focusing mainly on the causes of the crisis; strategies adopted to counter the crisis; and the lessons learnt from the crisis. The 2007-2011 financial crisis crippled many financial institutions and economies across various countries. As a result, many economists considered it as among the worst financial crisis after the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Great Depressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬. The crisis began in 2007 in the US and spread to other regions including the UK and various countries in the euro-zone.IntroductionThe financial crisis of 2007-2011 is considered by many economists as the worst financial crisis to occur since the "Great Depression" which occurred in 1930s. It began with seizure in the banking system, which was precipitated by BNP Paribas declaring that it was ceasing its operations in three hedge funds, which specialized in the United S tates mortgage debt. As a result, individual banks lost trust with each other and they immediately stopped doing business together (Georgieva 2012, p.47). The impact of the crisis was noted on September 15, 2008, when the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ government allowed the Lehman Brothers to go bankrupt. At that instance, the notion that some banks were too big to fail evaporated. On May 9, 2010, the crisis took another turn with the focus shifting from private to public sector. Consequently, the European Union and the IMF announced that they would offer financial assistance to Greece, since the issue had now shifted from solvency of banks to solvency of governments (Kaji Ogawa 2013, p.23). Greece had unique problems extending from collection of taxes to management of public funds. Many other countries were also experiencing budget deficits, and austerity was adopted as the new watchword, influencing policy decisions in the euro-zone, UK, and the US.Causes of the 2007-2011 financial cr isisMany factors directly and indirectly caused the 2007-2011 financial crisis, but experts place more weight upon specific causes. First, experts claim that there was the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, which led to generation of large current account surpluses in the Asian economies, which had to be invested offshore in order to keep their nominal exchange rates low. Consequently, capital flowed from Asia to the United States dotcom stocks driving up equity prices. This was followed by the bursting of the dotcom bubble which saw the booming of NASDAQ over 1998-2000 burst in 2001. Because of the fear of downturn and deflation, the United States Federal Reserve lessened monetary policy in a series of steps from 2001-2004. Consequently, with easy credit and a rise in the housing market, a boom in house prices followed, and there was an increased growth in credit and leveraged loans (Georgieva 2012, p. 59).Moreover, risk premia hit low levels and leveraged deals became the talk o f the day as investors chased yields in a market of lax regulatory oversight. At the same time, increasing demand from China and India and the booming world economy led to rise in commodity prices across minerals, oils, and food from 2004 to 2007. The impact to the global economy from this commodity price increase led to weakened economies in various countries. From this point onwards, banks started experiencing solvency problems, which later led to government solvency issues (Arestis, 2012, p.32).Strategies adopted to counter the financial crisisIn response to the crisis, the EU, member states, and the euro area as a whole adopted a broad range of measures to ensure financial stability, improve economic governance, and support growth and employment. At the EU level, coordination between the member states had to be enhanced in order to pave way for quick recovery from the adverse effects of the crisis. In 2011, the council and the European Parliament adopted a legislative package on the economic governance, which was branded the name "six-packà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This package reinforced the already existing "Stability and Growth Pact" commonly known as SGP. Originally, the SGP focused on monitoring the member states compliance with the set targets in their budgets. The "Six-Pack" adopted the same strategy to deal with public debt levels (The EU's response to the crisis, n.d.).As a way of safeguarding financial institutions from collapsing, in 2011, the EU initiated new supervisory authorities, which included the European Banking Authority, the European Securities and Markets Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, and the European Systematic Risk Board for macro-prudential supervision. A banking union known as the EU-Level banking supervision and resolution system has also been created. Its core objective is to ensure that the banking sector in the euro zone is safe and reliable, in such a way that failing banks will be resolved wit hout recourse to taxpayerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s money, and with minimal effect on the real economy (Arestis 2012, p.63).Lessons learnt from the financial crisisThe financial crisis exposed the importance of interconnections among the banking system; payment and settlement systems; and the capital markets. Focus on only one section of the financial system can obscure vulnerabilities that might be requiring urgent response. For instance, the disruption of the securitization markets contributed by poor performance of highly rated debt securities caused significant problems across various financial institutions. Banks were forced to take assets back on their books, and they could no longer, securitize loans, and as a result, there was increased pressure on their balance sheets. Moreover, it was learnt that transparency plays an integral role in every economy. Lack of transparency led to loss of confidence, which...